Ch 7: Agriculture
Short Q/A
Q1: What is meant by agriculture?
Ans: Cultivation of crops and farming of cattle is
called agriculture or husbandry.
Q2: Describe karez and spring.
Ans: Karez: Underground water courses
are dug and called Karez
Spring: Spring is a natural source where water flows to
the surface of the earth from underground.
Q3: Name important crops of Pakistan.
Ans: Wheat, sugarcane, rice, cotton, maize,
tobacco, barley etc.
Q4: List means of irrigation.
Ans: Tube wells, wells, canals, karez, spring etc.
Long Q/A
Q1: Explain why agriculture is important.
Ans: Importance of agriculture is described below.
1. Important source of
income:
Agriculture sector is the mainstay of world economy. Majority of world
population is depended on agriculture.
2. Source of food: Agriculture sector provides food for the
people of a country. For example grains, fruits, vegetables, milk and meat etc
which fulfill nutritional need of the people.
3. Main source of
national income: Agriculture
sector is the main and most important sector in the economy of many countries.
At present this sector is predominant in all productive sectors.
4. Source of foreign
exchange: Agricultural
sector is the biggest source of foreign exchange earnings. In this way foreign
exchange earned through agricultural produce plays a prominent role in national
income of a country.
5. Supply of raw
material: Agricultural
sector provides raw material to main producing sectors and industries. For
example cotton and yarn is supplied to textile industries, sugarcane for sugar
and seeds for oil. Thus agricultural sector provides firm basis for these
industries.
6. Maintenance of
balance of payment: Agricultural sector is very effective in maintaining the balance of
payments. Many countries of the world receive a major part of their income
through export of agricultural products which are balanced by import
expenditure.
Q2: Describe different types of
agriculture.
Ans: Different types of agriculture are described
below.
1. Subsistence
agriculture: Subsistence
agriculture is self-sufficncey farming in which the farmers focus on growing
enough food crops to feed themselves and their families. This type of
agriculture is found in south Asia, south eastern Asia and china.
2. Intensive
agriculture: In this type of agriculture better produce is
obtained from a small area by using good fertilizers. Water and pesticides on a
small piece of land. This type of agriculture is found mainly in UK, France,
Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia etc.
3. Extensive
agriculture: This
type of agriculture is practiced in countries where land for cultivation is abundant.
In USA, Canada, Russia, Australia and Brazil etc.
4. Commercial
agriculture: This type of agriculture is for commercial purposes.
Crops are produced on a large scale to earn profit. In Canada, USA, Australia
and Argentina commercial agriculture is practiced.
5. Plantation agriculture: Crops grown on plantations include
sugarcane, banana, coconut spices and coffee etc. this type of agriculture is
found in south east Asia, Africa, America, Malaysia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. The
fields for this agriculture is usually vast.
6. Truck farming: Perishable fruits and vegetables are
brought to markets by trucks hence by the name. Big cities and industrial
material centers play a crucial role to encourage this type of agriculture.
7. Mixed farming: In this type of agriculture crop growing
and cattle breeding is done simultaneously. Mixed farming is found in USA, Mexico,
Brazil, South Africa, Europe and some parts of Asia.
8. Cereal crops: These crops are cultivated on a large
scale to meet local requirements. Main cereals crops of Pakistan include wheat,
rice, gram and various lentils.
Q3: Describe irrigated agriculture,
rain-shed agriculture and mountainous agriculture.
Ans: 1. Irrigated agriculture:
Cultivation of crops by using irrigation system is called irrigated agriculture.
In Pakistan development of agriculture is linked with the advancement and
extension of means of irrigation. 75% of cultivatable area of Pakistan depends
upon irrigation. Canals are most important means of irrigation. Means of
irrigation are canals, wells, karez, tube wells, springs, pools.
2. Rain shed agriculture: In the areas where underground water is
not suitable for cultivation and canal water can’t reach. Agriculture is mainly
dependent on rain water. This is called rain shed agriculture. This type of
agriculture is practiced in deserts area, plateaus and mountainous region.
3. Mountainous agriculture: Stepped fields are formed by cutting
hills slopes to cultivate crops. In mountainous regions of Pakistan both rain
shed and irrigated types of agriculture are practiced in Chitral, Swat and Dir
etc. water of spring is used for irrigation through small water courses.
Q4: Analyze the distribution of major
crops in Pakistan.
Ans: Major crops of Pakistan are divided into two
seasons. Rabi and Kharif. Rabi crops are sown in winter (October) and harvested
in summer (May) and include wheat, barley, gram, oil seeds etc. The timing of
Kharif crop is in summer (June to September) and these include rice, maize,
cotton, sugarcane etc. Major crops of Pakistan
are described below.
1. Rice: Rice is an important kharif crop in
Pakistan. Hot humid climate, abundant rain and rich soil is best suited for
this crop. Extra flooding and abundant rain is favorable for rice crop.
2. Wheat:
Wheat is most important Rabi crop of Pakistan. Leveled soil is necessary
for it so that watering is easy. Two third of this crop is grown in canal
irrigated areas.
3. Maize: Maize is used for food and animal
fodder. It is an important crop of kharif. Most of the maize is grown in Peshawar.
4. Cotton: Pakistan produces 5 percent of the
world’s total cotton. It is an important cash crop of Pakistan. Land with good
draining facilities is most suited for its cultivation. Cotton crop also
provide raw material for textile and banaspati ghee.
5. Sugarcane: Sugarcane is another cash crop of
kharif. Dry weather and winter is unfavorable for this crop. These fields are
mostly found in area with better irrigation system.
6. Other crops: In Pakistan other crops like tobacco,
barley, pearl millet and gram are also grown.
7. Fruits: Apples, peach, pomegranate, almond, plum,
pear, apricot, lemon, orange and mango are produced.
8. Vegetables: Potato, cauliflower, tomato, onion,
green chili, radish, cucumber, okra, gourd, turnip, brinjal, peas etc are also
grown in Pakistan.
Q5: Point out main agricultural problems
Ans: Main agricultural problems are as under.
1. Financial troubles: Cultivators are in financial troubles.
Use of better seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, tractors, treasure and
irrigated resources is very difficult for average farmers.
2. Natural disasters: Natural disasters like flood, earth
quake, drought etc are a source of considerable disturbance for cultivators.
These calamities cause great losses to crops.
3. Salinity: A large numbers of our farmland has turned
into uncultivateable lands because of salinity. Moreover a lot of arable land
is lost due to erosion which results in decrease of cultivatable area.
4. Poor means of
transport: Because
of poor mean of transport it is hard to bring our agriculture produce from
fields to markets. Farmers don’t have access to market.
5. Inadequate
irrigation sources: Inspite of canals system our irrigation resources are inadequate.
A lot of water is wasted in channels and fields.
6. Chemical fertilizers: In our country use of new seeds
chemicals fertilizers and agricultural machinery is also not much in vogue.
Less attention is paid towards intensive cultivation on agriculture lands.
Q6: Describe the problems of means of
irrigation.
Ans: Main problems of irrigation are as under.
1. A great amount of water is absorbed due
to unpaved water cources. Consequently the level of underground water rise and
problem of salinity is caused. It is harmful for crops.
2. We have no proper arrangements to store
water. Thus a great amount of water is harmful for crops.
3. Because of silt in unpaved water courses
and delay is still clearing. Water can’t reach the tail ends. This is severely
affecting the arable land.
4. Level of underground water is dropping
down consequently tube-wells are becoming useless.
Ch 8: Mining and Power
Short Q/A
Q1: Write the names of five non-metal
minerals.
Ans: Cooking salt, limestone, marble, gypsum, china
clay etc are non-metal minerals.
Q2: How wind-electricity is generated?
Ans: Windmill consist of three or four blade fans
fixed on high poles. These fans are called turbines. Wind moves these fans and
their energy is converted to electric power.
Q3: Define mining
Ans: Extraction of valuable minerals and other
materials from the earth is called mining.
Long Q/A
Q1: Use of 10 minerals and their use.
Ans: Major minerals of Pakistan are described
below.
1. Mineral Oil: Mineral oil and its products have now
gained dominating economic importance. In Pakistan mineral oil is found in
Balksar, Khor, Dhallian, Kot Sarang, Qazian etc.
2. Natural Gas: Natural gas is cheap source of energy. It
is used for commercial as well as for domestic purposes. Gas has been
discovered in Uch, Zan, Khairpur, Sari, Khairpur etc.
3. Copper: Copper is being used for electrical
cables etc. reserves of copper are explored in Chagi, Sandak, Qalat, Zhob, Dir,
and Chitral etc.
4. Coal: Coal is used for thermal power
production, brick kilns and domestic needs. Coal is being mined in Khost,
Sharag, Aab, Maach, Bolan, Harani etc.
5. Ion Ore: Production of iron was started in 1957.
Explored reserves of iron are approximately more than 450 million tons. Major
iron reserves in Pakistan are Kalabagh, Domal Nisar, Langrial, Chilghazi etc.
6. Rock salt: Salt rock is used in chemical industry
as well as cooking. Reserves of salt are in Khewra, Kalabagh, Warcha,
Baharukhail, Lasbela etc.
7. Chromite: Chromite is used in Karachi steel mills.
Its reserves are in Muslim Bagh, Chaghi, Kharan, Malakand, etc.
8. Gypsum: Gypsum is used as raw material in
phosphate fertilizer. It is also important for cement, paper, plaster of Paris,
sulphuric acid, paints and rubber industries. Its reserves are found in Khewra,
Dandot, Daudkhel, Qadirabad, Rohri etc.
9. Lime stone: Lime stone is used in glass, soap,
steel. Bleaching powder industries. Its reserves are found in Daudkhel, Wah,
Rohri, Hyderabad, Sibbi etc.
10. Marble: Marble is used for the surfacing the
floors and walls of buildings. Marble is found in areas of Mardan, Swat,
Noshehra, Hazara, Chaghi, Gilgit etc.
Q2: Point out necessary conditions for
mining.
Ans: To get access to minerals treasures and mining
industry, it is necessary to get the services of mining experts. Miners should
be well-trained and best means of transport should be available to send these
minerals to industries. Moreover, modern machinery is also important. Through
digging of mines and adequate financial resources for the extraction of
minerals is of utmost importance so that work may continue without any
interruption. Industries should be there or new industries should be
established to use these minerals as raw material.
Q3: Explain the role of minerals and
power resources in the economy of country.
Ans: In present industrial age, minerals have an
essential role in the industrial and economic development of a country. They
are important for economic development and affluent society. What is important
to take full advantage of theme to steer the national economy towards opulence
(wealth). Minerals are used in industries as raw materials. Among them iron is
of utmost importance. Oil, coal and natural gas provide energy to industries.
Q4: Describe the different types of
mining.
Ans: Some types of mining are described below.
1. Hand- Panning
Mining: Some
time precious metal like gold etc are found in alluvial deposits. When deposits
dried up, they are collected in a pan. Then the grains of gold are separated
from sand.
2. Shaft tunnel mining: It is a method of extracting minerals
from great depth. According to this method, a shaft is used to drill
vertically, after which mining process is started.
3. Adit tunnel Mining:
In this method horizontal passages or tunnels are dug between slopes in
hilly areas. Adit tunnel mining is especially useful in mining of salt and
coal.
4. Open-Pit Mining: This method is used for minerals which
are found near the surface. In Pakistan, open pit mining method is adopted for
extraction of copper, Chromite and limestone.
Chapter 9 Industry
Short Q/A
Q1: Define an industry.
Ans: Industry is a place where investors provide
different raw materials and natural resources to produce different items.
Q2: Name five heavy industries.
Ans: Major heavy industries of Pakistan include
textiles, sugar, cement, automobile, electronic devices, chemical fertilizers
and leather industries.
Q3: Name ten cottage industries of
Pakistan.
Ans: Embroidery, spinning, hand woven cotton and
woolen textiles, hemp products, gold and silver jewelry, leather goods, metal
ware, cutlery, earthenware, sports goods, wood work, handmade carpets and rugs,
utensils, toys etc.
Long Q/A
Q1: Describe the factors for locating an
industry.
Ans: The factors that influence the location of
industries are described below.
1. Raw material: Usually industry is located at such a
place where raw materials are easily and abundantly accessible. For example
textile industry will be located near such places where cotton is sown on a
large scale.
2. Manpower: Adequate supply of labour is necessary
for any industry. Both skilled and unskilled labourers are employed in industries.
cheap and skilled labour is required for industry.
3. Capital: Abundant capital is required for setting
up of an industry. Capital is necessary for construction of building, installation
of machinery and to meet other expenses.
4. Energy: Energy is necessary to run machinery in
the industries. Coal, natural gas, oil and electricity are the chief sources of
energy.
5. Means of
transportation and communication: Industries are located in such areas where means of transport and
communication are better. Facility of good roads and railways is directly
connected with industrial development. These means are used to bring raw
materials to industrial areas and send finished products to market.
6. Market: Generally industries are located in
close proximity to markets, because finished products are immediately sent to
markets to earn profits.
7. Government policies: Policies of government considerably
affects the location of industrial units. Political stability in the country
provides continuity to government’s policies which us beneficial for industrial
development.
Q2: Describe the textile, sugar, cement
and automobile industries of Pakistan.
Ans: Textile industry: Textile is
playing most important role in the economy of Pakistan. Textile industry has a
big share in Pakistan’s exports. In
textile industry different machines are used for ginning, spinning and weaving.
Faisalabad, Karachi and Hyderabad are famous for textile industry.
Sugar Industry: At the time of independence in 1947
there were only two sugar mills in Pakistan. According to 2011-12 statistics
now this number has increased to 79. Sugar mills are located in sugarcane
producing areas of the country. Sugar mills are located in Larkana, Pattoki, and
Kamalia etc.
Cement Industry: Limestone and gypsum are necessary for
cement industry. Reserves of these raw materials are abundant in Pakistan.
Because of the speedy trend in construction work, demand of cement is rising
fast. Factories of cement are located in Dera Ghazi Khan, Rawalpindi, Karachi,
Jhelum etc.
Automobile Industry: In this sector many big units are
engaged in the production (manufacturing and assembling) of vehicles. Hundreds
of manufacturing units supply parts to this sector. This sector manufactures
cars, trucks, buses, jeeps, tractors, motorbikes etc. Its units are located in
Karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat etc.
Q3: Point out the problems of Industry.
Ans: Some problems of industry are as under.
1. Our manufacturers are ignorant of modern
research. They are not able to utilize their full potential.
2. Because of low income levels in Pakistan,
savings are too low.
3. Shortage of skilled labour in our country
is a problem for investors.
4. We have a limited access to international
markets.
5. Because of shortage of capital
acquisition of advance technology is also hard.
6. Many factories are running with old
machinery.
7. Pakistan is facing crisis because of
shortage of energy and power resources.
Chapter 4: Mughal Empire: Disintegration
Q1: How did Muhammad Shah got rid of Syed
brothers?
Ans: Muhammad Shah decided to get rid of Syed
brothers. Nizam ul Muluk contacted them. A battle was fought between Syed
brothers and Nizam ul Mulk. Syed Hussain Ali was murdered and later on Syed
Hassan Ali was murdered. Thus Muhammad Shah got rid of Syed brothers.
Q2: How local Indians resisted against
foreign occupation?
Ans: Some rulers like Siraj-ul-Daulah, Mir Qasim,
Haider Ali and Tipu sultan resisted against foreign occupation.
Q3: What were the reasons of economic
crisis in the last years of Mughal Empire?
Ans: In the final phase of Mughal rule, the
economic crisis was evident. Emirs were not able to take efficient measures
because of financial problems.
Q4: How important state like Bengal, Oudh
and Hyderabad were established?
Ans: After the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir, many
rulers came in powers. Governors of some provinces announced their sovereignty.
Among such provinces Bengal, Oudh and Hyderabad got themselves independent
states.
Q5: How Kalhoras and Talpurs got power in
Sindh?
Ans: Kalhoras ruled sindh from 1701 to 1783. A
prominent ruler from Kalhora family was Ghulam Shah Kalhora. In 1761 in third
battle of Panipat Kalhoras helped Ahmed Shah Abdali against Hindu Marhatas.
After the battle of Halani in 1783, the
Talpurs ended Kalhoras rule and captured their powers. They belonged to Baloch
tribes who migrated to Sindh.
Long Q/A.
Q1: Describe the event leading to the enthronement
of Bahadur Shah I.
Ans: Real name of Bahadar Shah I was Muhammad
Muazaam. Aurangzeb had three sons, Muhammad Muazzam, Muhammad Azam and Kam
Bakhsh. He divided his empire among his three sons and advised them to rule
their respective area. After the death of Aurangzeb three brothers started
efforts to take his place as emperor. Muammad Muazzam reminded his brothers
about the advice of their father. But his brothers paid no attention and each
of them tried to become sole ruler. So, first battle was fought at jaju, near Agra,
between Muhammad Muazzam and Muhammad Azam. Muhammad Azam was defeated and
killed. After this fight Bahadar Shah I turned toward Delhi and defeated
KamBakhsh in 1708 and became ruler.
Q2: Describe the policy of Bahadar Shah I
regarding Jats, Rajputs and Marhatas.
Ans: Jats and Bahadar Shah I: In 1695
jats elected a Hindu landlord Churaman as their leader. Churaman handled Hindus
together into an organized force. In 1705 Mugha army attacked on Sinsini to
stop the rising power of Jats. In 1713 after the death of Bahadar Shah I,
Churaman gathered a great deal of wealth.
Rajput and Bahadar Shah I: In Jodhpur, Ajit Singh revolted against
Mughal rule. Bahadar Shah I issued orders of strict action against Rajputs.
Many Rajputs were killed in a battle. Emperor once again treated Ajit Singh and
Jai Singh with kindness and forgave them.
Marhatas and Bahadar Shah I: Aurangezeb had kept Sahu in prison.
Bahadar Shah I released Sahu. Sahu reorganized Marhata power in Deccan and
announced his government. After Punjab and Rohelkhend, Marhats looted the
capital Delhi and created great hardships for Mughals. In the third battle of
Panipat, Ahmed Shah Abdali crushed them and broke their power.
Q3: Analyze the action of Jahan Dar Shah
against Sikhs.
Ans: In the time of Bahadur Shah I Sikhs and
Mughals developed pleasant relations. Unfortunately, in 1708 AD, pathans
murdered Guru Gobind Singh because of some old enmity. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh, a look
like disciple of him claimed to be real Guru Gobind Singh. He called himself
the true king. Many sikhs followed him. He attacked Sonipat, some 25 miles from
Delhi, and defeated the local faujdaar. After he led an army of 40,000 men and ruthlessly
killed the Muslims in Sidhura. Sikhs had to face many defeats during the reign
of Jahandar Shah and their power dispersed. However, Sikhs remained a nuisance
of Mughal government and caused them considerable losses.
Q4: Describe the state of Mughal rule
between 1712 AD and 1739 AD.
Ans: Bahadur Shah I: Bahadar Shah I
was son of Aurangzeb. He came into power in 1707 AD. He died in 1712 AD.
Jahandar Shah: Bahadar Shah I had four sons. Jahandar
Shah, Azeem-ul-Shan, Jahan Shah and Rafi-ul-Shan. Jahandar Shah killed his
brothers and became the ruler in 1712. Farrukhsiyar refused Jahandar Shah’s
authority. Farrukhsiyar first arrested Jahandar Shah and then killed him.
Farrukhsiyar: Farrukhsiyar was crowned in 1713. He
blinded all possible claimants of throne. Real power was in hands of Syed
Hassan Ali and Syed Hussain Ali. He made friends among emirs through his
bounteous attitude. Syed brothers announced the dismissal of Farrukhsiyar in
1719 AD. He was blinded, sent to prison and then killed.
Rafi-ul-Darjat (Shah Jahan II): After the dismissal of Farrukhsiyar
Rafi-ul-Darjat became the ruler in 1719. He was just a puppet monarch. He ruled
for three months and died in the same year.
Rafi-ul-Daulah: After the death of Rafi-il-Darjat Syed
brothers installed his elder brother Rafi-ul-Daulah as king. He was a puppet
king too, and real power in hands of Syed brothers. Unfortunately he died in
1719 AD.
Muhammad Shah: Syed brothers called Muhammad Shah from
Fatehpur Sikri and installed him as king. In first some years he was also a puppet
of Syed brothers but eventually he wanted to become a sovereign king. With the
help of Nizam ul Mulk he got rid of syed brothers. In the early years of
Muhammad Shha’s reign Jiziyah was revived for economical purposes. He crushed
the rebellion of Jats and also defeated the marhatas. Muhammad Shah indulged
himself in revelry and was thus called Muhammad Shah Rangeela.
Q5: Discuss the background of Battle of Plassey
(1757) and establishment of British rule in Bengal.
Ans: After Alivardi Khan his grandsopn Siraj
ud-Daulah was made the nawab of Bengal.British were planning to capture the
subcontinent from the very start. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah sensed the seriousness
of this and attacked to capture their business houses. This action by Nawab
caused a great exasperation and insult
and they decided to get rid of Siraj-ud-Daulah. So the British sent a small
force under the command of Lord Clive. In 1757 AD two armies confronted each
other at the battlefield of Plassey. Mir Jaffer was the military chief of
Siraj-ud-Daulah. British bribed him heavily and managed to make him their ally.
Because of Mir Jaffer’s conspiring with British, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was
defeated. Mir Jaffer is remembered as a traitor in history. As a prize for his
treason, British appointed him as a ruler of Bengal.
Q6: Describe the effects of Nadir Shah’s
attack on Mughal power.
Ans: Nadir Shah Durrani belonged to a middle class
family. He captured the throne in 1738 AD. Nadir Shah was an adventurous man.
When he heared about the internal rift and riches of India, he at once planned
an attack on her. He led his attack in 1738 AD. First he captured Peshawar. After vanquishing Lahore, he reached very near
to Delhi. Nadir Shah’s army plundered for three days. Nadir shah gave back the
government of India to Muhammad Shah and took its riches with him. Although,
Mughal Empire had to live for one hundred years more, but attacks of Nadir Shah
had broken its backbone. Because of
weakness of royal palace, emirs and provincial governors had a trend to
establish their own governments. Nizam ul Mullk had already established his government
in Deccan. In Bengal Alivardi Khan was sovereign. In Punjab Sikhs were
plundering. In Sindh, Kalhoras and Talpurs were fighting against each other.
Marhatas were gaining strength. So Muhammad Shah’s domain was confined to
central areas.
Q7: Describe the factors contributing to
administrative failure of the Mughals.
Ans: Factors contributing to the failure of administrative
structure were as follows.
1. Inefficient
administrative machinery: Efficient people were
neglected and parasitic, flatters, clowns, politically immature and non-serious
persons joined the royal retinue who were more worried about their personal
position.
2. Imperfect
organization of army: Mughals had not proper organization of army. Army was not paid
properly. Land grants became hereditary and military posts were given to
landlords and emirs.
3. Expansion of the
empire: In the reign
of Aurangezeb Alamgir, empire were extended to farthest point. Because of inner
weakness, Aurangzeb’s successors could not run the state effectively.
4. Lack of passion for
knowledge and scientific research: The advancement in
knowledge and scientific during Mughal period was less than the other parts of
the world. Some old education system was intact. They did not pay attention to
knowledge and scientific research.
5. Economic crisis: In the final phase of Mughal rule, emirs
were not able to take efficient measures because of financial constraints.
Centre was losing its grip on provinces and consequently income was reduced.
6. Incompetent rulers: Tail ender Mughal rulers were not
capable to rule. Thus they usually appointed some minister or counselor as
incharge of the government and immersed themselves in merrymaking.
7. Rise of the sikhs,
marhatas and rajputs: Because of poor governance of the Mughals, sikhs, marhatas and
rajputs made their strong position and they made great loss for Mughal empire.
8. Foreign incursions: Nadir Shah Durrani and Ahmad Shah Abdali
attacked India many times and they took away royal treasury and many other
masterpieces of paintings and art etc.
Q8: Describe the struggle of European
occupation in India.
Ans: .First of all Portuguese merchants came to
south Asia and earned considerable profit. After it British and French traders
followed them. After finding these sea routs, British traders managed to get
hold of south Asia’s trade and left French, Dutch and Portuguese behind. With the passage of time British were able to
influence and participate in political matters. Affairs of south Asia were not satisfactory.
Government was facing internal rifts and demands of independence by provinces
which weekend the provinces. Last Mughal emperor Bahadar Shah Zafar proved too
helpless to do anything.
Q9: Analyze the social and economic
condition of sub-continent under Mughal rulers, after the death of Aurangzeb
Alamgir.
Ans: Social conditions: After the
death of Aurangzeb Alamgir social conditions of subcontinent were very worse.
Jats, marhatas and rajputs rebelled and made many problems for Mughal empire.
Emperors had not paid any attention to problems of lay man. Army was not
properly organized. Old education system was kept intact. Kings were involved
in revelry. Bribery and plundering was common.
Economic conditions: In the final phase of Mughal rule, emirs
were not able to take efficient measures because of financial constraints.
Centre was losing its grip on provinces and consequently income was reduced.
Chapter 5: Mughal Empire: Ascendancy of the British
Short Q/A
Q1: When Hazrat Shah Waliullah R.A died?
Ans: Hazrat Shah Waliullah R.A died in 1762.
Q2: Who was the last ruler of the Mughal
Empire?
Ans: Bahadar Shah II also known as Bahadar Shah
Zafar was the last ruler of Mughal Empire.
Q3: What was the immediate reason of the
war of independence?
Ans: Use of tallow-greased cartridges was a result
of a new type of gun. The cartridges for
such guns were greased with fat of and it was thought that this is cow and pig
fat which was contrary to religious principles of Muslims and Hindus. They refused
to use it and rebelled.
Q4: How Sikh rule was established in
Punjab?
Ans: In the mid of 18th century sikhs
started to consolidate themselves in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. They
prevailed over whole Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. A famous and powerful sikh
leader was Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Sikh ruled in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa from 1801 AD to 1849 AD.
Q5: How Tipu Sultan earned the honour of martyrdom?
Ans: In 1799 AD, forces of Tipu Sultan and British
fought a severe battle at Seringapatam. Because of some traitors, Tipu Sultan
was defeated and won the honour of a martyr.
Long Q/A
Q1: Describe the attacks of Ahmed Shah
Abdali against India.
Ans: Ahmed Shah Abdali was a great general of Nadir
Shah Durrani. In 1747 AD, when Nadir Shah was killed, Ahmed Shah Abdali
announced himself as a king of Kandhar area of Afgahnistan. After the death of
Aurangzeb Alamgir, sub continent was facing severe administrative problems.
Marhatas and sikhs were at arms against Muslims and their empires. To crush the
rising force of Marhatas, Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked on India 1761 AD. He
forced the Marhatas to leave Punjab and led his army toward the battlefield of
panipat. Marhatas were waiting for him. Ahmed Shah blocked all roads leading to
battlefield and cut off the supplies of Marhatas. In the ensuing battle, marhatas
were vanquished completely and Muslims got a new strength, Ahmed Shah Abdali
appointed Shah Alam II as the emperor of Delhi and returned.
Q2: Analyze the battle of Buxar.
Ans: After the battle of Plassey, Mir Jaffer’s
treasury was badly affected by giving undue privileges to British. Demands of
British were increasing which he could not fulfill. As a result relations
between British and Mir jaffer were strained. At last British deposed him and
appointed his son in law Mir Qasim as governor of Bengal. Mir Qasim increased
the number of tax collecting posts against British. British considered it their
insult. Having serious reservations against Mir Qasim British called Mir Jaffer
back and re-appointed him as governor of Bengal. Mir Qasim forged an alliance
with Shah Alam II and Nawab of Oudh and declared a war against British. They
also prepared themselves and reached at Buxar under the command of General Lord
Clive. In ensuing battle, Mir Qasim was defeated and escaped to Delhi. He died in
1778 AD.
Q3: Describe the situation of Mughal
Empire during the reign of last two emperors: Akbar II and Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Ans: Akbar Shah II: Akbar Shah II was
born in 1760 AD. His powers were practically confined withing red fort of
Delhi. We find cultural flowering during his rule. He was also a pensioner of
the British. He died in 1837 after ruling for 31 years.
Bahadur Shah II (Bahadar Shah Zafar):
Last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar was
son of Akbar Shah II. He was also a nominal emperor of the British. He was
capable of running the state. He died in Rangoon in 1858 AD and is buried
there. Bahadur Shah Zafar is also famous for his literary aspect.
Q4: Discuss the establishment of Sikh
rule in Punjab, ascendance of Rohails in Rohailkhand and Marahta consolidation
in Deccan.
Ans: Sikh Rule in Punjab: In the mid
of 18th century sikhs started to consolidate themselves in Punjab
and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. They prevailed over whole Punjab and Khyber
Pakhtunkhawa. A famous and powerful sikh leader was Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Sikh
ruled in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhawa from 1801 AD to 1849 AD.
Prevalence of Rohillas in Rohillkhand:
Rohails belonged to different pashtun (pathan) tribes of Afghanistan.
After the death of Daud Khan in 1721 AD, Ali Muhammad Khan became the ruler of
Rohailkhand. After the death of Ali Muhammad Khan, many pashtun Rohilla chiefs
ruled over Rohilkhand. In 1857 AD war of independence they fought zealously against
the British. After the failure in war, Rohaikhand was annexed by the British.
Consolidation of Marhatas: Marhatas consolidated themselves in
Deccan and were dreaming to rule India. They caused a great loss to Mughal government.
Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated them in a battlefield of Panipat and destroyed their
power for ever.
Q5: Describe the efforts of Hyder Ali
against foreign domination.
Ans: Famous Muslim general Hyder Ali was born in
1720 AD. He started his practical life as a soldier but got immediate promotion
and reached to the rank of general. Soon he became the ruler of Mysore. Marhatas
were brave people but they were fearful of Hyder Ali. Through his personal
ability and prudence, Hyder Ali succeeded in breaking the alliance of Marhatas
and Nizam of Hyderabad with British. He defeated British in battlefield.
British were fully aware that Hyder Ali is a formidable and brave person. British
managed to break Hyder Ali’s alliance with Marhatas and Nizam of Hyderabad. Now
Hyder Ali was without any aid and support. In spite of all these problems, he
fought single handedly against the British. Most of his life was spent in
fighting and struggling against the British. He showed exemplary courage and remained
steadfast. This great general of the subcontinent died in 1782 AD.
Q6: Describe the objectives of Tipu
Sultan and his battle with British in Sirangapatam (1799 AD)
Ans: Tipu Sultan was born in 1750 AD. He was a
brave soldier, able politician and competent administrator. He was fully
convinced that the British are arch enemies of the Muslims and wanted to
destroy them and get hold of the subcontinent.
So he decided to carry on the mission of his father Hyder Ali and fought
against the British zealously. The British wanted to kill Tipu Sultan and
capture the subcontinent at any cost. The British bribed many officials of Tipu
Sultan who were working on important projects. They became aides and
supporters. In 1799 AD, forces of Tipu Sultan and British fought a severe
battle at Seringapatam. Because of some traitors, Tipu Sultan was defeated and
won the honour of a martyr.
Q7: Discuss the role of movements
initiated by Shah Waliullah R.A, Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Haji Shariatullah.
Ans: Hazrat Shah Waliullah R.A: Hazrat
Shah Waliullah was born in 1703 AD in Delhi. His name was Ahmad and his title
Shah Waliullah. He got his early education from his father and learnt Holy
Quran by heart at the age of seven. He was a teacher par excellence, and had a
deep knowledge of Quran and Hadith. He penned 50 books. Shah Waliullah started
his movement at such a time when disappointment and hopelessness was
widespread. He was well aware that sikhs and marhatas are worst enemies of the
Muslims. He persuaded Ahmad Shah Abdali to attack on India. His translation of
the Holy Quran is known under the title of "فتح الرحمن فی ترجمۃ
القرآن". He united the Muslims.
Syed Ahmad Shaheed: Syed Ahmad Shaheed
was born in the Indian city of Bareli. He was a disciple of Shah Waliullah’s
son Shah Abdul Aziz. He visited many places to guide the Muslims and preaching
Islam. At that time Punjab and NWFP (KPK) were ruled by sikhs who became a
nuisance for Muslim community. He gathered and prepared an army of faithful
warriors. He conquered Peshawar in 1830 AD and enforced Islamic law and banned
all type of intoxication. In 1831 AD these pious warriors fought against sikhs
at Balkot. Syed Ahmad and Syed Ismail earned the honour of martyrdom.
Haji Shariatullah
and Faraizi Movement:
Faraizi movement founded by Haji Shariatullah, was the most effective
and popular movement of Muslims of Bengal. Its main purpose was to encourage
the Muslims to follow basic obligations of faith like prayer, fasting, zakat
and hajj. He tried to eliminate heresies and supported the farmers against
suppressive behavior of Hindu landlords. This movement also paid special
attention toward cultivators’ problems. Empowering effect of this movement
encouraged the Muslims to voice against the exploitation of Hindu landlords.
Q8: Describe the main point of British
policy in Hyderabad Deccan, Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab and Oudh at the end of
19th century.
Ans: 1. Hyderabad Deccan: Hyderabad
was a affluent state. Ruler of Hydrabad Deccan was called Nizam. The British
counted him among his friends because he had refused to join in 1857 AD war of
independence. So they kept Hyderabad state intact after1857 AD. In 1948 AD
Nizam surrendered to Indian army. Therefore Hyderabad Deccan became a part of
Indian Union.
2. Sindh: The British captured Sindh after
deposing Talpur family. They made Sindh a part of Bombay (Mumbai). Charles
Napier was the first governor of British Raj. 40 % of lands of Muslims were allotted
to Hindus. Muslims leaders continued their efforts to separate Sindh from
Bombay. At last in 1935, the British government acceded to this demand and
separated Sindh from Bombay.
3. Baluchistan:
Before the British arrival in subcontinent Balochistan was an autonomous
state. The ruler of Qalat Mir Mehrab Khan. The British killed him in 1839 AD.
The British purposely kept Baluchistan backward. Baluch people took active part
in independence movement.
4. Punjab: in 1849 AD the British defeated sikhs
and annexed Punjab with their empire. Punjab had a special status during
British ear, because it was not only famous for good agriculture yield, but
became a political and cultural centre. In 1858 AD a new law was passed.
According to this law, whole of the subcontinent including Punjab became
subject of Queen of Victoria.
5. Oudh: Nawab of Oudh state, Shuja-ud-Daulah has
sided with Mir Qasim in the battle of Buxar in 1764 AD. After the defeat, Nawab
was arrested by the British. Nawab acceded some areas to the British. In 1765
AD the British captured some more areas of Oudh. In 1856 AD, they captured the
whole state.
Q9: Discuss the reasons, main events and
consequences of 1857 AD war of independence.
Ans: Causes of war of Independence:
Some causes of war of independence are as under:
1. The British maintained their colonies
through force and suppression.
2. Muslims and Hidus were annoyed by
interference of the British in their faith matters.
3. Use of tallow-greased cartridges was a
result of a new type of gun. The cartridges for such guns were greased with fat
of and it was thought that this is cow and pig fat which was contrary to
religious principles of Muslims and Hindues. They refused to use it and
rebelled.
4. In Oudh 80,000 soldiers were dismissed.
This unemployment increased the level of unrest.
5. In 1835 AD, the official status of Per sian
was abolished.
Important events of war of Independence:
Some important events of war are as under.
1.
On 6th May 1857 AD some soldiers
were punished for refusing to accept tallow greased cartridges. Imprisonment of
these soldiers instigated others. When British officers were busy in their
religious service in church, soldiers attacked on prison and released their
colleagues. They killed many white officers and looted the ammunition.
2.
Fire of revolt spread to Delhi and Ambala
cantonments. Then thousands of Indian soldiers captured Delhi, announced
Bahadur Shah Zafar as emperor.
3.
The British left Uttar Pardesh, Madhya Pardesh
and Bihar and enclosed themselves in the
forts of Agra and Allahabad.
4.
In Kanpur, religious leader Nana sahb and
Azimullah Khan expelled the British. Meanwhile Rani of Jhansi Lakshami Bai rebelled
against British Raj.
5.
Some misunderstandings emerged between Bakht
Khan and last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. Bakhat Khan left Delhi and disappeared
in the mountains of Nepal.
6. The British killed and destroyed on a
large scale after recapturing Delhi.
Results of war of Independence: Results of war of independence are as
under.
1. Treason of local people caused its
failure, which had permanent and long lasting consequences.
2.
After the conclusion of war of independence,
East India Company’s rule was abolished and India passed under the British
crown.
3.
The Muslims suffered badly and their economy
was destroyed. They were engulfed in poverty and deprivation. Lay people and
Islamic scholars as well as freedom fighters were killed.
4.
Muslims were dismissed from jobs. Muslims were
left behind in trade and education.
5. 
Land revenue was increased and tenant
lost all of his rights. British levied many new taxes and duties.
Land revenue was increased and tenant
lost all of his rights. British levied many new taxes and duties.